Интернаука №16 (часть3) 2020 [Интернаука] (fb2) читать онлайн

Sleeve , piston

1

group A 447 030

6

347

18.6

8.7

215447.6

29.1

5386.2

09 37

2

Insert kit t

6

520

27.9

13.0

107144.4

14.5

2678.6

Piston ring A

3

6

347

18.6

8.7

87025,2

11.8

2175.6

422 030 01 24

Reliability-limited reliability

65.1

Cylinder block A

4

1

6

0.3

0.2

72,577.4

9.8

1814.4

447 010 07 08

Crankshaft A

5

1

17

0.9

0.4

58815.2

8

1470.4

496 030 02 01

Serviceability Limit Reliability

73.2

Camshaft

6

1

25

1.3

0.6

62840.3

8.5

1571.0

A 447 050 11 01

Connecting Rod A

7

6

132

7.1

3.3

54043,7

7.3

1351.1

447 030 04 20

Set gasket set A

8

1

79

4.3

2.0

35871.6

4.8

896.8

427 010 00 05

Oil pump A

9

2

31

1.7

0.8

19321.8

2.6

483.0

403 180 27 01

Inlet and outlet

10

valve A 442 050 05

12

336

18.1

8.4

14127.4

1.9

353.2

26

Oil cooler A

11

1

13

1.7

0.3

8383.7

1,1

209.6

001 188 31 01

Cylinder head A

12

6

8

0.4

0.2

4027.2

0.5

100.7

447 010 01 20

1861

100

46.5

739 625.6

100

18,490.6

37

Журнал «Интернаука»

№ 16 (145), часть 3, 2020 г.

Source: calculated by the author based on data from

the Mercedes-Benz service in Tashkent

Table 5.

Indicators system reliability s engine cooling

Total

The

f

ce

ht,

o

s

Number

costs

amount of

un

ic

Name details s /

er

s

it

of fail-

app. failure

if

costs per

No.

rt

te

weig

ht%

detail number

un

l bo

ic

%

ec

pa

ra

ures per

repair parts ,

bus ,

in

ta

if

Sp

Numb

o

ec

bus

thousand

weig

thousand

T

Sp

soums

soums

water pump rem. set

1

1

225

12,2

5,6

166804.6

21.6

4170.1

A.403.200.73.01

rem. set of water pump

2

1

225

12,2

5,6

96149.3

12.5

2,403.7

A.422.200.06.04

set of laying wa-

3

1

433

23.5

10.8

86123.6

11.2

2153.1

ter. A.422.200.09.01 pump

Fan belt kit L 1125 A 005 997

4

1

200

10.8

5,0

20090.4

2.6

502.3

17 92

Reliability-limited reliability

58.7

radiator system cooling ICE A

5

1

34

1.8

0.9

100045.6

13.0

2501.1

671 501 March 1

6

thermostat A.005.203.26.75

1

40

2.2

1,0

2793.4

0.4

69.8

7

viscose fan A 002 205 65 06

1

40

2.2

1,0

96,425.2

12.5

2410.6

expansion tank / assembly A

8

1

40

2.2

1,0

44,549.3

5.8

1113.7

629 500 00 49

Serviceability Limit Reliability

76.6

viscose fan shaft

9

1

40

2.2

1,0

22392.4

2.9

559.8

A 301 205 00 02

viscose fan bearing

10

1

40

2.2

1,0

26163.4

3.4

654.1

A 005 981 48 25

fan pulley

11

1

3

0.2

0.1

511.8

0.1

12.8

A 407 200 06 70

fan pulley shaft

12

1

40

2.2

1,0

13521.1

1.8

338.0

A 357 506 00 07

13

fan bearing A 007 981 49 25

1

40

2.2

1,0

9698.4

1.3

242.5

Water branch pipes

14

4

160

8.7

4.0

53953.3

7.0

1348.8

357 501 03 82

Water pump belt L 1250 A

15

1

126

6.8

3.2

9322.3

1,2

233.1

003 997 07 92

Tensioner belt kit L 1750

16

1

160

8.7

4.0

23258.0

3.0

581.5

A 005 997 41 92

total

1847

100

46.2

771802.1

100

19,295.1

Source: calculated by the author based on data from

The studies continues the operational reliability of

the Mercedes-Benz service in Tashkent.

vehicles operating in high altitude and hot climate of Uzbekistan.

References:

1. Alikhodjaev A.A. Management of standards for maintenance and repair of vehicles, taking into account operating conditions. Dis. Cand. those. sciences. - Tashkent: TADI, 2008 .-- 227 p.

2. Musadzhanov M.Z., Azimov A, Chukov O, Rokotyansky A

1. "Increasing the operational reliability of buses - an important reserve of improving their efficiency of use of" Proceedings of the All-Union Scientific-Technical Conference "Improving the efficiency and with the use of road transport in hot climates and high-ra nd ones", Tashkent, 1977.

2. Musadzhanov MZ, ways to improve the system Okhla railway Denia engines. Abstracts of All-Union Scientific-technical meeting rooms n tion "Increased efficiency and with the use of road transport in hot climates and high altitudes", Tashkent, 1985.

3. Musadzhanov M.Z., Alikhodjaev A.Umarov I.Razhabov E.Usmanov D.

38

Журнал «Интернаука»

№ 16 (145), часть 3, 2020 г.

4. Final report x / d No. 134-75 Inventory No. B952191 of 05/21/1981

5. Sharafutdinov T . T . P Accelerating reliability of vehicles for the carriage of petroleum products through the pass

"By amchik". Dis. Cand. those. sciences. - Tashkent: TADI, 2012 .-- 208 p.

6. Regulation on maintenance and repair of rolling stock of motor vehicles. - M .: Transport, 1986.- 73 p.

7. Musaev D.Kh. Musadzhanov, M.Z. Modes of technical serviceability cars , « the MAN the TG A 26400, 19400,"

maintained in the conditions and s Republic of Uzbekistan ". TADI Bulletin, Tashkent, 20 11 , 3-4

8. Muminjanov NM, Umarov E. et al. Selection and determination of the rational periodicity of replacing engine oils for MAN vehicles operating in hot climates and highlands. Scientific and Technical Report, x / d No. 178/2012.

9. Musadzhanov. M.Z. , Khojaev A.A. Determination of maintenance modes foreign s x semi XI Conference for Tiit Tashkent 2015 -3s.

10. Muminjanov N.M., Kamiljanov B.I. et al. A study on the selection of equivalent motor oil to replace Turkish-made oil for 1827 Ford Cargo cars operating in the mountainous conditions of the Kamchik Pass, on the Angren-Kamchik-Pap route. Scientific and Technical Report No. 76 dated April 11, 2003, 33 pages.

11. Musadzhanov. M.Z. ,, Muminjon NM Investigation of the dynamics of aggressive climatic conditions of the republic at the exchange, effective meth about poisons and remedies. The final report on the research of the State Scientific and Technical. Programs 4.1.13. 1999-.115 s

12. Musadzhanov. M.Z. , Usmonov D. , Rasulov, H., et al. Development of technical standards for operation of vehicles and the Republic have of bekistan. The final report on the research of the State Scientific and Technical. Programs 18.24. That w kent, 2005-120s.

13. Musadzhanov. M.Z. , Alikhodjaev A. , Umarov I.K. Development of rational modes for the prevention of the brake system of LAZ-695N bus systems . Factsheet, Ta w kent, UzNIITI 1980g.-4.

14. Musadzhanov. M.Z. , Usmanov D. , Tojiboev A., Mirzamam th rows X . Research of operational reliability of family PAZ buses conv about ditions hot climate. The final report of the topic 760/89, state No. Registration 01.950004016 Inventory No. 02950001744, 1995 p.159

15. Mahkamov M . Y. , Mahkamova SH.Y. Management of buses Mercedes-Benz operated in Tashkent. Scientific journal: Tashkent State Technical University Bulletin No. 1 / 2015. p. 3-7.

16. Mercedes - Benz AG . Bus Maintenance Manual. Volume 1-5 / 95. Stuttgart 1995

17. Service book buses O 405, O405N, O 405 G. Mercedes-BenzAG. 1995 - 64s.

18. Operating Instructions O 405, O 405 G. Mercedes-BenzAG. 1995 - 144 p.

19. Muminjanov N.M., Radjabov E.A. and others. Selection of the equivalent of engine oils for Mercedes-Benz and Otayul buses from local production instead of imported ones and establishing optimal terms for their replacement. Scientific and technical report of SSTP No. A-12 030, 2008

20. Makhkamov M. Yu., Mirgiyazov A.A. Engine reliability OM 447 N engine on Mercedes-Benz buses operating in the city of Tashkent. Bulletin of the TADI. Tashkent 2011.-№3-4.-С89-93.

21. Makhkamov M. Yu. Reliability map of Mercedes-Benz buses O 405 Vestnik TADI. Tashkent, 2012.-№3.-С47-5189-93. .

22. Makhkamov M.Yu. Management of reliability of buses “Mercedes-Benz operated in the city of Tashkent. –T: Publishing house TURON-IKBOL, -2017, -197s.

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Журнал «Интернаука»

№ 16 (145), часть 3, 2020 г.

USING AN APPLE IN THE PRODUCTION OF YOGURT

Kuanysh Tleuliyev

master's student of NAO "Kazakh national Agrarian University", Kazakhstan, Almaty

Saltanat Mussayeva

candidate of technical Sciences, associate Professor of the Department “Technology and food safety”

of NAO “Kazakh national Agrarian University”,

Kazakhstan, Almaty

Zhanat Iskakova

candidate of agricultural Sciences, associate Professor of the Department "Technology and food safety"

of NAO “Kazakh National Agrarian University”,

Kazakhstan, Almaty

The problem of removing heavy and radioactive

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved -

metals from the human body is relevant all over the the production of yoghurts:

world. This is due to the fact that the scope of

control sample; 1-sample with the addition of pectin

application of ionizing radiation sources in industry, in an amount of 1 % of the total weight; 2-sample with

agriculture, medicine, and scientific research is

the addition of pectin in an amount of 2% of the total expanding, and the number of people professionally

weight; 3-a sample with the addition of pectin in an associated with them is increasing. In this regard, it is amount of 3% of the total weight.

necessary to use modern means of radiation protection The practical significance of the research work and

of people and a set of sanitary and hygienic measures to

its result is based on the use of apple pectin in the pro-

ensure their safety. In the system of measures,

duction of yoghurts, the use of which can increase the preventive nutrition is important, which contributes to viscosity of the finished product, provide the required the elimination of heavy and radioactive metals from the

consistency and detoxification properties of the product,

body, due to the presence of components that have

thus giving a functional property to the product. Apple protective properties. Pectin acts as a radioprotector and

pectin was obtained in the laboratory, from local au-is recommended as an additive in food products to give

tumn apple varieties - "Almaty Aport", by the method of them detoxifying properties. Thus, pectin and pectin-TU 9199-012-01014470-04.

containing products can be attributed to therapeutic and

As a fruit storage device, pre-processed (0.25 - 0.3

preventive nutrition.

mm) pieces of apple varieties - "Almaty Aport" were Pectin not only forms a jelly consistency, but also

used.

has radioprotective and detoxifying properties, and,

Apple pectin was introduced before fermentation,

therefore, belongs to multifunctional additives [1, p.

according to the recipe below, its use does not require 15].

significant changes in the technological process.

Pectin has acquired special significance recently,

The insolubility of pectin in systems with a high

when it was found that it has the ability to form

sugar content allows to prepare a dispersion of pectin insoluble complexes, remove toxic metals from the

without its clumping in a concentrated sugar solution, human body and long-lived (with a half-life of several for this purpose, the pectin was previously dissolved in

decades) isotopes of Sr, Ce. In addition, pectin is able to

hot water at a temperature of 70°C with constant stirring

absorb and remove from the body biogenic toxins,

for 30 minutes and was added to the recipe.

xenobiotics,

anabolics,

metabolic

products

and

The formation of a specific sour-milk taste and ar-

biologically harmful substances that accumulate in the omatic substances are formed during the fermentation

body. It is recognized in most countries as a valuable and maturation of the product, and also depends on the

food ingredient that has no restrictions on use [2, p. 30].

composition of bacterial starter cultures and added in-The analysis of literary sources shows that among

gredients.

the many problems currently facing humanity, one of

The results of the study of organoleptic properties

the first places is occupied by the problem of

of finished products are given in profilagram-1. At a environmental

pollution

with

various

chemical

concentration of pectin in the amount of 1%, as in the substances-products of technogenesis, among which a

control, there is a separation of phases and with an significant place is occupied by heavy metals [3, p. 55].

increase in temperature, the process goes faster. When In this regard, in this research work, we considered the

the concentration of pectin is 2% and 3%, milk

use of apple pectin in the production of yogurt, in order

fractionation does not occur, the mixture becomes

to structure and detoxify the properties of this raw viscous and homogeneous.

material.

The duration and temperature of the fermentation

The research paper examines the influence of apple

process, as well as the acidity of the product are

pectin on the quality of yoghurts introduced during their

important factors that affect the consistency of yogurt.

production in order to form such specific features as The duration of fermentation of milk is usually set by structure, consistency, viscosity, appearance, and taste.

increasing the acidity, viscosity or strength of the

40

Журнал «Интернаука»

№ 16 (145), часть 3, 2020 г.

resulting clot, which also depends on the added

the ability of proteins to form spatial structures, retain ingredients. This is confirmed by our studies, where

moisture, and so on.

there was a separation of phases into a liquid

In this regard, at the next stage, it was advisable to

consistency and a clot sludge (1-sample), which was not

study the effect of pectin on the acidity of the product observed in 2nd and 3rd samples. The nature of the clot is

during fermentation (diag.-1).

determined by the level of accumulation of lactic acid, 180

160

140

120

360 min

100

180 min

80

60 min

60

40

20

0

Control

1-simple

2-simple

3-simple

Diagram 1. Influence of apple pectin on the acid formation process

The results of the study the effect of added pectin Acidity also affects the viscosity of pectin solutions.

on the acidity of product shows that when adding apple

The viscosity of the pectin solution can be used to de-pectin in amount of 1-3 %, the acidity increased in 2

termine its thickening and moisture-retaining properties.

hours to 3.2% and 16.1 %, respectively and to 5.3% and

The accumulation of lactic acid during lactic acid

21.3%, respectively in 8 hours in comparison to the con-

fermentation of sugars is essential for the formation of a

trol sample.

protein clot that determines the consistency of yogurt.

The speed of the fermentation process is affected by

The resulting lactic acid reduces the negative charge of

fermentable sugars in the raw material, so the test sam-

casein micelles, since H+-ions suppress dissociation of ple 1, 2 and 3 with the addition of pectin was marked by

the carboxyl groups of casein, as well as the hydroxyl a sharp increase of acid after 2-3 hours fermentation.

groups of phosphoric acid. As a result, achieves the This is due to the breakdown of pectin which is a high

equality of positive and negative charges at the isoelec-

molecular polysaccharide to sugars, the first 2 hours, tric point of casein (pH 4.6–4.7). At the isoelectric and further fermentation by microorganisms of bacterial

point, casein or paracasein particles aggregate in a colli-

starter cultures.

sion, forming chains or threads, and then a spatial grid,

The end of fermentation is usually set to obtain a

in the cells or loops of which the dispersion medium sufficiently strong clot and titratable acidity of 75-85

with fat balls and other components of milk is captured,

°T, and a further increase in acidity can lead to a re-thus compacting the clot. Consequently, further research

charge of the protein, so that the clot structure becomes

was devoted to the influence of apple pectin on the brittle, irreversibly collapsing bonds, the yogurt loses rheological properties of yogurt.

plasticity and liquefies when stirred.

Research data show that using of pectin during

Thus, the influence of the amount of added pectin

yogurt producing allows you to eliminate such defects on the speed of the fermentation process is established.

as separation of serum and excessively liquid

consistency, as well as improve organoleptic indicators and give detoxification properties to the product.

References:

1. Донченко Л.В., Фирсов Г.Г. Технология пектина и пектинопродуктов- Краснодар: КГАУ, 2006.-279с.

2. Пектин основной источник борьбы с вредными веществами / Е.П. Лисовицкая, С.В. Патиева, Л.Я. Родионо-

ва, Ю.Н. Шакота // Приоритетные направления развития пищевой индустрии: матер. науч.-прак. конф. –

Ставрополь, 2016. – С.385-388

3. Функциональные пищевые продукты. Введение в технологии / А.Ф. Доронин [и др.]. М.: ДеЛи принт, 2009.

288 с.

4. Методическое указание. Блинов, В.А. Биохимия с основами физической и коллоидной химии / В.А. Блинов, В.И. Латышев, Ю.В. Платонова, В.Р. Струговщиков.- Саратов: Гарнитура Таймс, 2005 – с. 127-128.

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PHILOLOGY

INTERESTING ACTIVITIES TO RAISE COMMUNICATIVE CULTURE

FOR SCHOOLCHILDREN

Nigora Tursunova

An English teacher at a secondary school №28

Uzbekistan, Uchkurgan district, Namangan region

Oyista Khodjimatova

An English Teacher at a secondary school №30, Uzbekistan, Uchkurgan district, Namangan region

ABSTRACT

One of the most pressing problems in my work is the culture of communication. We all know that language and culture are interrelated. Communication is not only vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation, but also cultural aspects of this language. There is much more common side between English and Uzbek culture, but we still see the opposite. Language represents the nature of the country - its people, its emotions and traditions. That is why a foreign language teacher should teach the same language to the community. The relationship between language and culture is a complex one and it is always quite challenging to fully understand people’s cognitive processes when they communicate. Language competence does not only include the knowledge of grammatical principles and sentence construction, but also knowledge of the norms that link language to social and cognitive context. Many teachers and students seem to lose sight of the fact that knowledge of grammatical systems has to be complemented with culture-specific meanings.

The structure of a language can determine the way

ask, aiming at using different types of questions, both in which speakers of that language view the world. The

general and special, using the lexical-grammatical mate-

meanings of a particular language can also represent the

rial studied. In the end, you can ask to say why they are

culture of a particular social group. It is impossible to happy and give advice on what can be done to make the

understand a culture without having some form of un-

holiday memorable. Possible questions: When is your

derstanding of its language. The two are always con-

birthday? Who comes to say "Happy birthday"?

nected. When people learn another language, it helps

What can your

parents give?

What does your

them to learn about the world. Learning a language is mum cook?

Do you

invite

your

friends?

therefore learning the behavior of a given society and its

Can you play games? What games can you play?

cultural customs. Language is a product of the thoughts

P1: I like my birthday because my friends and I go

and behavior of a society.

to the cafe. There is a funny clown. He plays with us.

The American linguist Nelison Mondela said: “If

We laugh a lot. A holiday is approaching, for example you talk to a man in a language he understands, that the New Year. The teacher begins the lesson: I like New

goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language that

Year. I am always happy. I get many presents and give

goes to his heart.” Phrases, words, syntactic forms and

them to my dearest. I always write a letter to father concepts are sometimes impossible to translate, as they

Frost (Santa Claus) and ask for something. But this time

sometimes do not even exist in some languages. Differ-

I don’t know what to ask about. Can you advise me?

ences in language between cultures are evident when

Students express their ideas and explain their request.

you compare how some countries have different mean-

For example: P1 - You can ask for a computer. You can

ings for certain phrases. For example, in many European

play games and send e-mails to your friends. You can cultures, the term "a good day" implies a sunny day, know many clever things from the computer.

whereas in many African cultures, it implies "a rainy The explanation of the proverbs also applies to this

day". Personally, I recommend using this type of exer-type of exercise. For example: one of the not very dili-

cise - creating situations in the classroom, which also gent students received an excellent result. The teacher increases motivation and reveals the creative abilities of

praised and turned to the board, where it was written: students. Situations can be given at the beginning of the

"Where there is a will, there is a way." Students prove lesson so that students can join the work as soon as pos-the veracity of the proverb. The result is this: He is sible, at any convenient and appropriate stage of the sometimes lazy. He can’t write English words. He

lesson. Teacher suggests situations based on interests of

doesn’t study them. The teacher is unhappy. But today

this age of students, their life experience. For example:

he is clever. He has got a “5”. He knows all the words.

One of the guys has a birthday soon. The guys usually Everyone is happy. “Where there is a will, there is a talk about it beforehand. Teacher suggests the situation:

way.”

He is happy, he is celebrating his birthday. It is his The culture of communication also includes written

9th birthday. I am sure he likes this day. Do you want to

speech. The main purpose of writing is communication.

know, why? Students are encouraged to ask questions

Writing is divided into two types: formal and informal.

about what they do (usually) on their birthday. The

The formal writing consists of a letter of complaint, a teacher can prompt an indirect question about what to letter requesting, an application letter, an invitation and

42

Журнал «Интернаука»

№ 16 (145), часть 3, 2020 г.

an essay. Informal writing consists of making notes,

I hope you and your family are well. …………you

shopping lists and others. In writing pupils cannot ex-for your letter. I like reading about your family. It’s half press their impressions with gestures, mimes and tone of

–term and we’ve got one week of holiday. It’s ………! I

voice. In order to that they need to use suitable phrases

like half term because I do all the things I like. For ex-

and words. For this schoolchildren have a plenty of

ample, I go to the park. There is a playground and my words in their lexical base. We can see writing letter

………. John likes playing football. I like playing com-

activities between Anvar and Lucy in English Fly High

puter games and collecting coins. I’ve got a collection Pupils’ book. Handout1. Pupils read the full form of the

of coins from a lot of countries: America, India, Aus-letter silently and attentively.

tralia, Russia and …………….. What about you? What

DearAnvar,

do you like doing? Have you got a hobby? Please write

I hope you and your family are well. Thank you for

and tell me. There are two things I don’t like. I don’t your letter. I like reading about your family. It’s half –

like tidying up my room and cooking!

term and we’ve got one week of holiday. It’s great! I

………..Lucy

like half term because I do all the things I like. For ex-

The pupils can find the missing words easily. The

ample, I go to the park. There is a playground and my pupils fill in the gaps with great interest. I think this brother John likes playing football. I like playing com-activity is more useful to develop their writing commu-

puter games and collecting coins. I’ve got a collection nication culture.

of coins from a lot of countries: America, India, Aus-Non-verbal communication is familiar as a Body

tralia, Russia and Uzbekistan. What about you? What do

language. English people are less talkative naturally and

you like doing? Have you got a hobby? Please write and

like to speak with gesture. In foreign language lessons tell me. There are two things I don’t like. I don’t like Body language is more effective way to explain unfa-tidying up my room and cooking!

miliar or new words and phrases, especially for young LoveLucy

learners. They are keen on playing “miming game” ac-

Handout 2. Fill in the gaps. (the missing words are

tivity. I give some examples of body language expres-common and simple)

sions which are used in the classroom.

…….Anvar,

Table 1.

Non- verbal behavior

Non- verbal behavior

Interpretation

Sitting, legs apart

Open, relaxed

Arms crossed on chest

Defensiveness

Touching, slightly rubbing nose

Doubt or lying

Head resting in head, eyes down

Boredom

Open palm

Confidence

Fondling hair

Sincerity, openness

Looking down and away

disbelief

Teaching a combination of verbal and non-verbal

language learning process in general and on the stu-

aspects of communication has positive effects on the

dents’ willingness to communicate in particular.

References:

1. Language Art and Disciplines. 1980. E.M.Vereshchagin.

2. I. Yuldashev, O. Sharipova “Tilshunoslik asoslari” 2007

3. A.Abdulazizov “Tilshunoslik nazariyasiga kirish” 2018

4. Методика обучения иностранным языкам в средней школе. Рогова. Р.В

5. Электронный ресурс: www.e-library.namdu.uz

6. Электронный ресурс: www.brainyquote.com

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COMPARISON OF ENGLISH-LANGUAGE SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE AND RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE

Aigerim Mukanova

Master student, Karaganda State University named after E.A. Buketova, Kazakhstan, Karaganda

ABSTRACT

The article discusses the process of formation of Russian scientific discourse taking place in the Moscow state in the second half of the XVII century. The key aspects of this process are analyzed, which include the approval of the analytical type of grammatical description, the formation of a modern term system by traditional translation techniques to new types of texts. Comparison of Russian-language and English-language scientific discourse.

Keywords: scientific discourse, text, language, term, communication.

Scientific discourse is a process of creating new

is so compact that an expert reader can quickly publish

knowledge about a subject, phenomenon, their proper-

an article and get important information” [2].

ties and qualities, presented orally and defined by the Linguist I. Martinez, in turn, draws attention to the

communicative canons of scientific communication -

widespread use of impersonal constructions in academic

logical presentation, proof of the correctness and incor-

texts that “allow authors to strategically distance them-

rectness of certain provisions, the ultimate abstraction of

selves from the information they write about” [3]. Thus,

the subject of speech. We know the scientific text as a it denotes an important feature of scientific syntax in the

subject-symbolic model of discourse. Given the above,

English language tradition.

the text act as the main unit of discourse, and so we can

Basically the functional features of the English lan-

conclude that the properties of the text as a model of guage scientific discourse and language means of ex-discourse can be extended to the discourse itself. The pressing logical connections can be brought to the fol-text is a model of discourse, and its properties as parts lowing characteristics:

are transferred to the whole and vice versa. Therefore, 1) language compression (compression of a cer-considering the text, we also study the discourse, in tain material):

turn, the study of discourse without reference to the text

 use of attribute phrases (quality improvement,

will not be possible.

productivity increase, etc.);

The scientific type of discourse, on the other hand,

 replacement with infinitive constructions or

which is part of the scientific system, is a difficult cog-

subordinate clauses (energy, companies supplying etc.);

nitive structure based on the relationship reflected in the

 use of phrases with prepositions (the first step in

language between our view of the world and the repre-

finding solutions, etc.);

sentation of this view in the language, and therefore is a

 use of application phrases (In four cohorts, sci-

constituent element of the general system. Also, the

entists stated that…, etc.).

scientific type possesses a number of its own constitu-2) formality: use of formal or neutral vocabulary

tive, system-forming features that distinguish it from (discuss vs. talk about, have a look at vs. examine, etc)

other types of discourse.

[4];

Since the beginning of the 21st century, English has

 use of formal grammar (impersonal: there / it as

advanced to the role of a universal intermediary lan-a subject);

guage - linguafrank - in politics, economics, education,

 use of indefinite constructions instead of affirm-

and in global scientific discourse. To strengthen the ative ones (modal verbs: may /might; verbs: seem to /

position of the English language as the main means of appear; adverbs: possibly / probably; etc.);

information exchange in the modern world, as well as in

 use of the passive voice as impersonal construc-

the scientific field, several factors work - political, cul-tions (some facts should be imposed..., etc.).

tural, economic, etc.

3) rating (tendency to more use of nouns in compar-

The functional specifics of the English-language

ison with the verbal parts of speech);

scientific discourse are effectively studied in the works 4) connectivity (lexical and grammatical relation-of many Russian and foreign linguists. Thus, E.

ships) [5]:

Koyalan and S. Mumford in their works emphasize that

 reference (pronouns replacing or pointing to

writing academic articles in English for non-native

other words or parts of the text);

speakers of this language culture can be particularly

 ellipsis (omission of a word or phrase under-

difficult due to serious differences in the traditions of stood from the context);

scientific thought design[1].



D. Bieber and B. Gray, who are also involved in the

Substitution (replacing a word or an entire

development of this problem, refute complex stereo-

phrase with a language unit similar in meaning);



types and the prevalence of structures in the RussianUnion connection (unions serve not only to con-

language scientific discourse and emphasize the preva-

nect the relative clause with the main, but also indicate

lence of concise structures, for example, phrases with a

the type of connection);

nominative structure. They believe that “scientific prose

lexical coherence (the use of synonyms and words

that are close in meaning, as well as generalization and

concretization);

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 objectivity (impersonal manner of presentation

and the scientific style at the scientific level of generali-of the material);

zation. At the same time, the style of scientific discourse

 hedging (mitigation of the response, hidden ex-

is meaningfully aimed at identifying the semantic struc-

pression of the author’s opinion) through:

ture of the multidimensional space of scientific speech,

• modal verbs expressing probability, resolution,

determining units of analysis of the semantic structure ability (can, might), necessity, obligation (had better, of a scientific text, and also analyzing the language of have to, ought to), prediction, will (would, shall);

design and presentation of scientific knowledge.

• adverbs expressing certainty (certainly, in fact),

Certainty and clarity in the scientific discourse is

probability (apparently, perhaps, possibly), attitude

obtained by using the terms that arise carriers and cus-

(amazingly, surprisingly), approach (according to, gen-

todians of certain information in the field of scientific erally, typically);

communication[8].

• pointers of many (all, most, many, some, certain,

Perfect verbs are rarely used, often in steady turns etc.);

(we prove, we consider ...; what ...; we will do conclu-

• complex sentences using verbs expressing the re-

sions; we will show by examples, etc.). Such forms of lation (It appears that, It might be suggested that ...), the verb are used without the subject, are used to call the

adjectives expressing the relation (It may be possible to

interlocutor for joint action and sounds with a kind of obtain ...), nouns expressing the relation (It could be the

incentive intonation, and in this regard they are often case that ...);

perceived as special forms of imperative mood, for ex-5) limited expressivity:

ample: we will study; we will check; we will consider;

 emotionally expressive adjective (outstanding,

we will prove it. Texts functioning in scientific dis-etc.);

course are characterized by the use of reflexive verbs

 forms of superlative adjectives (the most dan-

(with suffix - “ся”), which mean either action as a hall-gerous place, etc.);

mark of an object, or its permanent property, for exam-

 adverbs, introductory words, reinforcing and re-

ple: to remain. The generalized character of the texts of

strictive particles, discursive markers (entirely, highly, the scientific style is also expressed in the originality of relatively, significantly, etc.);

the category of person. In scientific speech, usually the

 "problematic" questions that draw the reader's pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person are not used (I, you),

attention (What can be done in this case?)[6].

possessive possessions (mine, yours), forms 1 and 2 of The above features indicate that the English-the singular of the verb, indicating that the action is car-

language scientific discourse is characterized along with

ried out by the speaker or the interlocutor. Instead, we functional features that are common to all academic

use the pronoun 1 of the plural person we (the so-called

author's we), “our” possessive pronoun, verbs in the

texts, regardless of their language affiliation. At the same time, specific features that distinguish the tradi-form of the past tense of the plural or in the form of the

tions of the formation of scientific materials in English present (future simple) tense 1 or 2 of the plural[9].

from the requirements for formatting research results

Logical connections between parts of a scientific

adopted in other linguistic and cultural communities

text are expressed using introductory constructions

should be taken into account. The situation with Russian

(words, phrases and sentences) with the meaning of the

scientific discourse is slightly different.

reliability of the message: naturally, of course. Introduc-

Understanding of scientific discourse appeared in

tory words have other meanings, namely assumptions,

the late 1990s. at the scientific school of the Russian for example: probably obvious. In scientific discourse, linguist Chernyavskaya Valeria Evgenievna. The study

introductory constructions also point to a source of in-of scientific discourse has been introduced into the sys-

formation, for example: as Carl Gustav notes; according

tem of methods and principles of text linguistics and put

to Charles Darwin, etc. Using these introductory ele-

into correlation with a wide range of problems of scien-

ments, the order of thoughts and their connection is ob-

tific communication, a methodology for analyzing text

jectified, a conclusion is introduced, the degree of sig-and discourse, a methodology for researching scientific

nificance of the messages, a generalization, for example,

discourse, and an interdisciplinary assessment of the

connectivity is manifested, firstly; secondly; conse-

quality of the scientific result have been implemented.

quently; and finally.

In the linguistic - epistemic concept of Chernyavskaya N.B. Gvishiani and some other researchers distin-V.E. pointed out that the result of cognition is included

guish a separate, independent general scientific lan-

in scientific discourse in only oral (scientific communi-

guage within the framework of the style of scientific cation) or written (monograph, research article, report communication, considering it to be a historical catego-abstracts, dissertation) text [7].

ry. The general scientific style is determined by: "1) the Language as a social phenomenon performs various

development of the scientific thought of a given coun-functions related to a particular area of human activity.

try; 2) the state of the national literary language; 3) the

In the science of language, the classification of func-artistic skill of the author; 3) the intellectual level of the tional styles of the Russian language has entrenched: reader." The general scientific language varies, changes conversational style, scientific style, official-business depending on the subject of which science - humanitari-style, journalistic style, literary and artistic style. It is an or natural - is being described. The language of gen-important to understand that the style of the Russian eral scientific communication with this approach is op-language scientifically determines the content of the life

posed to the terminological language inherent in each of the language at a very high level of generalization, individual field of knowledge [10].

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Thus, a scientific text acts as a reflection and ex-reflect the patterns of the cognitive process. The content

pression of a scientific style - a special method of cogni-

of the scientific text is revealed using various linguistic

tive and communicative - speech actions of a subject means, among which predominant are sensory (emo-who decides in the process of creating a text to com-tionally neutral), which perform representative and des-

municate new knowledge about reality and to prove the

ignating functions, which indicates the observance of

truth of this knowledge. Considering the above, the pro-

the characteristic linguistic features of the scientific cesses of text generation in scientific speech necessarily

discourse of its basic goals.

References:

1. Koyalan, A., Mumford, S. Changes to English as an Additional Language writers' research articles: From spoken to written register [Text] // English for Specific Purposes. – 2011. – № 30. – P. 113 123.

2. Biber, D., Gray, B. Challenging stereotypes about academic writing: Complexity, elaboration, explicitness [Text] //

Journal of English for Academic Purposes. – 2010. – № 9. – P. 2 20.

3. Martinez, llliana A. Impersonality in the research article as revealed by analysis of the transitivity structure [Text] //

English for Specific Purposes. – 2011. – № 20. – p. 227 247.

4. Pospelova, G. B. Harakteristiki nauchnogo stilja v anglijskom jazyke [Tekst] / G. B. Pospelova // Inostrannye jazyki: teorija i praktika. – M. : Izd-vo «OOO TEZAURUS», 2012. – № 2 (15). – p. 8 14.

5. Halliday, M. A. K., Hasan, R. Cohesion in English [Text]. – London : Longman, 1976. 356 p 6. Kubryakova E.S. On the concept of discourse and discursive analysis in modern linguistics (review) // Discourse, speech, speech activity. Functional and structural aspects: Sat. reviews. - M. INION RAS, 2000 .-- p. 7-25.

7. Drozdova T.V. The problem of understanding the scientific text // Traditional problems of linguistics in the light of new paradigms of knowledge: Materials of the round table, April 2000 / Institute of Linguistics, RAS, TSU im.

G.G. Derzhavina. - M .: Institute of Linguistics, RAS 2000. - p. 49-58.

8. Vargina, E.I. Scientific text and its impact (on the material of the English language) [Text] / E.I. Vargina. - St. Petersburg: Fil. Faculty of St. Petersburg State University, 2004.

9. Bolshakova EI On the principles of building a computer dictionary of general scientific vocabulary // Proceedings of the International Workshop Dialogue ‘2002 on comp. linguistics and intelligence. technology. M., 2002, T. 1, p.

19-23.

10. Gaidenko P.P. Scientific rationality and philosophical mind. M., 2003, p.73-78.

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CHEMISTRY

SYNTHESIS OF TBP-ST-DVB EXTRACTANT POLYMER RESIN AND SEPARATION

OF RADIOACTIVE GALLIUM CHLORIDE

Kim Chung Hyok

Candidate of chemical sciences, Kim Il Sung University,

DPRK, Pyongyang

Im Jon Gil

Doctor of chemical sciences, associate Professor, Kim Il Sung University, DPRK, Pyongyang

Pak Ho Song

Candidate of chemical sciences, Kim Il Sung University,

DPRK, Pyongyang

ABSTRACT

TBP-St-DVB extractant polymer resin was prepared from tri-butylphosphate, styrene and divinylbenzene by suspension polymerization. On extraction chromatograph column, while kinetic process of Ga extraction could be assumed to be simultaneous process of film diffusion and gel diffusion, activation energy of Ga extractive reaction on column was E*=14.92kJ·mol-1.

Keyword: extractant, polymer resin, synthesis, Gallium, Zinc, separation.

1. Introduction

2.2. Extraction of Ga and Zn with TBP-St-DVB ex-

Extractant polymer resins are new type of separa-

tractant polymer resin

tion functional materials that have advantages of solvent

Static condition

extraction and ion exchange technology and overcome

First, extractant resin was swollen in 1mol·L-1 HCl

disadvantages of those.

solution for 24h. Then 1mL of 67Ga solution

In early papers, kinetics of Ga separation by TBP-

(40kBq·mL-1) was injected into 10mL of hydrochloride

St-DVB extractant polymer resin was not studied.

acid solution (concentration of Ga ion; 20mg·L-1) and In this paper, results of kinetic research about 67Ga

mixed. 1g of extractant resin (TBP concentration 30%, separation on hydrochloride solution from Zn target

granular size 0.3~0.4mm) was applied into solution and

bombed by ion beam accelerator were described based

mixed at 60rpm. Equilibrium time was determined when

on synthesizing TBP-St-DVB extractant polymer resin

radioactivity of solution didn’t change by time.

containing TBP as extractant.

Dynamic condition

2. Experimental

A glass column (0.8×25cm) was packed with 0.8g

2.1. Synthesis of TBP-St-DVB extractant polymer

of swollen 30% TBP-St-DVB extractant resin and

resin

washed with HCl solution.

Synthesis of extractant polymer resin containing

GaCl3/6mol·L-1 HCl solution was flown through the

30% TBP was carried out in glass reactor supplied by a

column at flow rate of 1mL·min-1 to extract 67Ga. After

mixer, a thermometer and a reversed refrigerator.

removing Zn with 6mol·L-1 HCl solution, 67Ga was

First, starch solution (0.5%) as emulsion stabilizer

back-extracted with 1mol·L-1 HCl solution.

was loaded into reactor and kept temperature of 323K.

3. Result and discussion

Then, organic phase reaction mixture containing sty-

3.1. Extractions of Ga and Zn by extractant polymer

rene, divinylbenzene and initiator (benzoyl peroxide)

resin (static condition)

was fed into reactor under 323K and working mixer for

3.1.1. Extraction equilibrium time

30min. Co-polymerization reaction was carried out un-

Under the static condition (6 mol·L-1 HCl solution,

der 353K for 8h and continuing polymerization reaction

1g of extractant resin), experimental results of determin-

under 363K for 1h. After reaction was finished, synthe-

ing extractability of Ga and Zn were shown in Table.1.

sized polymer was separated by decantation, washed

2~3 times with deionized water and dried.

Table 1.

Extractability (%) of Ga and Zn to TBP extractant polymer resin by time on HCl solution Extractability (%)

time(min)

Ga

Zn

4

31.5

72.5

8

76.3

98.2

12

97.9

98.7

16

99.4

98.6

20

98.5

-

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As shown in Table.

Extraction distribution coefficient of Ga (III) and

1, extraction equilibrium times of Ga and Zn were

Zn (II) was calculated by measuring radioactivity of

12.4min and 8min.

samples before and after vibrating. (Table.2)

3.1.2. Determining extraction distribution coeffi-

cient

Table 2.

Extraction distribution coefficient (Kd) of Ga and Zn to TBP extractant polymer resin (static condition) Conc. of HCl

extraction distribution coefficient ( Kd)

(mol·L-1)

Ga

Zn

0.1

0.01

0.08

1.0

1.1

12.3

2.0

27.5

18.8

3.0

104.6

32.8

4.0

816.7

22

6.0

1360

3.8

8.0

1845

1.4

As shown in Table.2, distribution coefficient of Ga

3.2.1. Determining extraction distribution coeffi-

was increased by concentration of HCl. Distribution

cient and column equilibrium constant

coefficient of Ga and Zn were 357.9 and 1317.9 on 6.8

On the column, while 67Ga and 65Zn were extracted

mol·L-1 HCl solution.

on 6 mol·L-1 HCl, maximum eluent volumes ( Vmax) were 3.2. Extractions of Ga and Zn by extractant polymer

416mL and 1.2mL. Base on those, column equilibrium

resin (dynamic condition)

constant and distribution coefficient on the column were

shown in Table. 3.

Table 3.

Equilibrium constant and distribution coefficient of 67Ga and 65Zn on the column

Column equilibrium constant ( D)

Extraction distribution coefficient on the column ( K) 67Ga

331.1

1418.2

65Zn

1.3

5.6

As shown in Table. 3, distribution coefficients un-

3.2.2. Relation between extraction time and ex-

der the kinetic condition were 5% (for Ga) and 9% (for

change ratio ( F) on the column

Zn) higher than ones under the static condition. Equilib-

Variation of exchange ratio of 67Ga (non-radioactive

rium coefficient of Ga was 253.3 times higher than one

Ga concentration; 450μg·mL-1) by time on extractant

of Zn. It showed that extraction rate of Ga was faster resin column was shown as Fig. 1.

than Zn, respectably.

% , 1,2

o

ati

1

reg 0,8

anh 0,6

c

277K

x e 0,4

289K

Ga

308K

0,2

0

0

5

10

15

20

25

extraction time,min

Figure 1. variation of extractability of Ga by time on extractant resin column

As shown in Fig.1, on extractant resin column ex-

67Ga extraction velocity constants and film distribu-

traction equilibrium time of 67Ga was 11min at 308K,

tion coefficient on the column by temperature were

18min at 291K and 24min at 277K.

shown in Table.4.

3.2.3. Kinetics of 67Ga extraction on the column

Table 4.

67Ga extraction rate constants and film distribution coefficient on the column by temperature Temperature (K)

277

289

308

Rate constant ( β)

0.107

0.074

0.218

film distribution coefficient ( Df)

8.0×10-6

5.8×10-5

1.12×10-5

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By experimental results, it was found that during

and Bt was determined while 67Ga was extracted on early period of column process, film diffusion was rate-extraction chromatograph column. Relation between t determining step and after that, gel diffusion was rate-and Bt at 289K was shown in Fig.2.

determining step. So relation between extraction time

3,5

3

Bt

2,5

2

1,5

1

0,5

0

0

5

10

15

20

t, min

Figure 2. Relation between t and Bt (289K) for Ga extraction on the column

By t-Bt relation at 289K, extraction reaction rate static condition and column equilibrium constant of Ga

constant was 0.23cm-1. So on extractant polymer resin was 254.7times higher than Zn. While 67Ga extracted to

column, extraction process of 67Ga was assumed to be extractant resin was back extracted with 0.05mol·L-1

simultaneous process of film diffusion and gel diffusion.

HCl solution, back-extractability under the static condi-

Activation energy of extraction reaction on the column tion was only 15~20%, but was 94% under the dynamic

determined from relation between lnβ and 1/T was condition and it was found that dynamic condition had E*=14.92kJ·mol-1.

very advantage for back-extraction than static one. From

4. Conclusion

the relation between temperature and extraction equilib-

Extraction characteristics of Ga and Zn on extract-

rium time, it was found that diffusion of Ga ion into ant resin-HCl solution system were found resolved un-surface and interior of resin granule was carried out.

der static and dynamic condition. While concentration

Extraction rate constant was 0.23cm-1 at 289K. On ex-of Ga ion on 6mol·L-1 HCl solution was more than

tractant polymer resin column, extraction process of

300mg·L-1, Ga extraction could be achieved equilibrium

67Ga was assumed to be simultaneous process of film

and Ga saturated extraction capacity of dry extractant diffusion and gel diffusion. Activation energy of extrac-resin was 29.02mg·g-1. Distribution coefficients under

tion reaction on the column was E*=14.92kJ/mol.

the dynamic condition were higher than ones under the

References:

1. Yamamoto, M., Komura, K., Sakanoue, M. A simple sequential separation method of Pu and Am by anion exchange and extraction chromatography. Radiochimica Acta, 29: 205 (1981).

2. Baker, J.D., Gehrke, R.J., Greenwood, R.C., Meikrantz, D. H. Rapid separation of individual rare earth elements from fission products. Radiochimica Acta, 28: 51 (1981).

3. Horwitz, E.P., Chiarizia, R., Dietz, M.L., Diamond, H., and Nelson, D.M., Separation and preconcentra tion of ac-tinides from acidic media by extraction chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta, 281: 361 (1993).

4. Serranog, J., Kimura, T. Extraction chromatography in the TBP-HNO3 system III. Application of the TBP/XAD-4

column for analytical separation of uranium, neptunium, plutonium and americium. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 172: 97 (1993).

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ECONOMICS

THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNET MARKETING AND ITS IMPROVEMENT IN ENTERPRISES AND COMPANIES IN KAZAKHSTAN

Yeldos Otynbay

Master student, Kazakh University of International Relations and World Languages named after Abylai Khan, Kazakhstan, Almaty

Gulnar Berdalieva

Candidate ofeconomic sciences

Kazakh University of International Relations and World Languages named after Abylai Khan, Kazakhstan, Almaty

In the modern world, technological processes are

promotion, product sales, and the formation and

developing rapidly, the process of disseminating infor-maintenance of customer and partner loyalty with the

mation is accelerating, new products appear on the mar-

help of modern Internet technologies. [3]

kets every day, and tools for influencing consumers lose

Now this term has a wider format and can increas-

their relevance. This is the moment when competition is

ingly be associated with such innovative processes as growing rapidly all the time, and companies need to

social media marketing and performance marketing. At

constantly look for new distribution channels and new the same time, this value is increasingly associated with

ways of influencing customers. Nowadays, all global

the promotion of goods and services online.

companies produce their product or services with a

Consider the birth of Internet marketing as a

well-thought-out marketing strategy, thereby expanding

separate entity. The beginning of the development of the list of possible ways to attract consumers through Internet marketing can be considered the 1990s, when

advertising in various platforms. And among these plat-

there was a widespread introduction of the Internet to forms, the most popular is Internet marketing, as the people's lives. Then one of the stages of development of

fastest growing and huge platform designed for the most

this area was the 1996th year, when large corporations,

unique and creative ideas, the implementation of which

like Google, Overture, Yahoo, began to place ads in

is much cheaper and has no restrictions. Therefore, the search engines with pay-per-click. In 2001, D. Sullivan

topic of Internet marketing is quite relevant, especially introduced the concept of “search marketing”, after

its formation and improvement in Kazakhstan.

which great attention was paid to optimizing websites.

In the process of digitalization of the whole world,

If we talk about the turn of development from 2010

all existing tools for promoting goods and services give

to our days. Today, Internet marketing has begun to

way to Internet marketing, because the attention of pro-

grow rapidly in social networks (Facebook, Instagram,

fessionals always turns to a place where a larger number

VK), and instant messengers (Telegram). Thanks to

of target consumers gather. [1] And as you know, the these programs, users began to pay for advertising, for Internet space is now gaining increasing popularity and

recognizing their brand and receiving online applica-

covers a significant number of the audience.

tions for their goods or services.

Today, there are several definitions about Internet

By the end of 2018, the number of Internet users

marketing. Here are some of them: "Internet marketing amounted to more than 4 billion (53% of the world's (Internet marketing) - the practice of using all aspects of

population), which is 7% more compared to the same

traditional marketing on the Internet, with the aim of period in 2017. Kazakhstan ranks 40th in the number of

selling a product or service to customers and managing

users, overtaking many countries of the European Un-

relationships with them." [2] Internet marketing is a set ion, but this is only slightly more than 77% of our popu-of measures aimed at the successful implementation of lation:

the company's marketing strategy, including research,

Table 1.1.

Number of Internet users (according to ISW) [4]

№

Country

Users

% of population

1

China

802 000 000

56,7

2

India

462 125 000

34,4

3

USA

287 000 000

76.18

4

Brazil

149 600 000

65,9

5

Indonesia

143 260 000

50,4

6

Japan

118 600 000

94

7

Russia

109 552 842

76,4

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8

Nigeria

91 598 757

47,7

9

Mexico

85 000 000

65,3

10

Germany

72 290 285

89,6

…

40

Kazakhstan

14 023 856

77

Based on these data, we can conclude that the Ka-

How to help improve the promotion and brand

zakhstani Internet market is in the development stage awareness in the Internet space to domestic compa-and is promising. And "online marketing" takes its place nies? Of course, Internet marketing works and works in it.

very well, but only under the condition of very fine and

The relevance of Internet marketing in Kazakh-

competent settings, analysis and "twist". It is much stan and tools for its improvement. As I said earlier, more complicated than sticking on porches and adver-in Kazakhstan this sector is very promising. However, tisements in newspapers, and if you use it incorrectly, this was not always the case. Indeed, for Kazakhstan, then there will be no effect at all, except for the spent the concept of Internet marketing is new and it has been

budget. What you need to do to avoid problems?

widely used only in recent years. There are several rea-

1. Full transparency. If you hire a marketer or team,

sons for the later widespread use of this area of

you should be clear and the whole scheme of work

marketing in the country. One of the main factors is the

should be completely transparent to you, so that you narrow spread of the Internet among ordinary people, a

understand where and what is happening. Where does

similar trend was caused by too much territory of Ka-the budget go, and how efficient is it? If you are at that

zakhstan, as well as too low population density. There-

stage when you have to do everything yourself, then do

fore, many companies and enterprises mainly used the

not be lazy to keep statistics, analyze everything and try

tools of TV, radio and outdoor advertising. However,

something new.

today, we see that more and more people began to use 2. Not grab everything at once and right today.

the Internet, became users of social networks and more

Make yourself an action plan and follow it, making the

began to make purchases and services online.

necessary adjustments. For example, in the first month Seeing this development trend, the companies also

you are promoting your account on social networks (Fa-

began to switch to online mode, where they could find cebook, Instagram), in the second month you are opti-their new customers. Therefore, in recent years, the ac-

mizing your site and so on.

tivity of many companies and enterprises on the Internet

3. Invest in online advertising. You should remem-

has increased markedly, but not all of them use the tools

ber that unlike other promotion tools (TV, radio, etc.), of online promotion correctly. There are three main rea-you can always monitor the conversion of your funds

sons for this:

using various automated indicators (detailed statistics, First, there is no long-term promotion strategy.

conversion tracking, CTR, ROI).

Many Kazakhstani companies, even if they are present

Taking all this into account, we can safely say that

in the worldwide network, do not always use all of its the future is certainly Internet marketing, although it is capabilities. Very often, they create websites, accounts still difficult to predict how actively it will develop, in social networks and instant messengers. However,

because every day there are a lot of new applications, they incorrectly position themselves in the Internet

sites and services that can be delivered overnight. Eve-

space and do not know how to respond to online contact

rything upside down, and set a new development vector.

with network users. They do not create conditions for Nevertheless, the prospects for the development of mar-the further development of their sites in the network.

keting in the network are very bright.

Secondly, the use of video content. We all know in

Thus, considering all of the above, it can be con-

the 21st century, people process information better if cluded that domestic companies and enterprises have

they have visual contact. Therefore, it is important to not yet exhausted all possibilities for attracting potential know that when you promote any product or service

consumers. Kazakhstan is already slightly behind its

only with dry text and description, the chance that users

foreign and Russian colleagues, and our specialists have

will understand it and decide to purchase is extremely already implemented a large number of effective ways

low. The best place to start is creating interesting and to influence customers. But there is where to grow and

creative video content.

develop. The number of Internet users is growing every

Thirdly, there is no automation - most of the set-

day, and Kazakhstani companies need to study new

tings and processes for launching online advertising

trends and opportunities for Internet marketing in order

occur randomly, many important points are missed, the

to successfully sell goods and services.

budget is lost, and customers pass by.

References:

1. Advances in Social Media Research: Past, Present and Future - K.K. Kapoor, K. Tamilmani, N.P. Rana - Link: https://link.springer.com/article/10/10000/s10796-017-9810-y 2. Basic Internet Marketing Concepts - URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Internet Marketing 3. Matveev

A.V.

Internet

marketing

/

A.V.

Matveyev.

Access

Mode:

http://www.proweb.ru/articles/oglavlenie/glava1/imarketing

4. Электронный ресурс: http://www.bizhit.ru/index/polzovateli_interneta_v_mire/0-404

51

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FEATURES OF AUTOMOBILE MARKETING IN KAZAKHSTAN Alexandera Krivoguzov

Student, Karaganda State Technical University,

Kazakhstan, Karaganda Bakyt Nakakaawa

Candidate of economic Sciences, Karaganda State Technical University, Kazakhstan, Karaganda

Today, a car is not just a means of transportation

accumulated demand and due to the active work of

and not even a luxury, but an integral part of a person’s

dealers.

life. It is in almost every family and every year there are

4.The most expensive segment is expensive cars.

more and more cars. Today, many cars have many simi-

The average cost of a car in this segment is from 20

larities relative to each other and the attractiveness of a

million and more. In this segment fall brands such as: particular model in the eyes of the client is very im-Lexus. Land Rover, BMW. This segment is historically

portant, but not just the car itself, but service and stable since buyers in this segment are not very sensitive

maintenance are of even greater importance. And the

to the crisis in the economy and choose a car for com-client is not always completely satisfied with the work pletely different factors. This segment occupies about of specialists.

5% of the market.

The automotive market in Kazakhstan is different

Another marketing feature is bad roads. The key

from the Western market, and accordingly the auto-

point is that the use of a car means frequent contact with

marketing is different, which means the methods of sale,

a car service. Not the best roads - this is one of the rea-

advertising, promotion. If we consider the main points sons why a large number of Kazakhstans prefer to buy of Kazakhstan marketing, we can first of all note that domestic cars. Everything is simple here - cheap cars the car was rarely considered a means of first necessity,

and affordable spare parts that are always available and

and if the family bought the car, then it usually uses it the price for repairs is affordable. It is worth noting that for a long time than in European or American countries.

for the above reasons, domestic cars do not need mar-A factor such as long-term operation should be consid-

keting very much, since cars are bought quite willingly,

ered by advertising agencies if they want to promote car

and there is always a demand for them. Of great im-marketing. It should also be borne in mind that there are

portance is the seasonality of car marketing. Car retail-

a large number of different car brands on the market that

ers are activated after spring and summer. And this is combine good quality and reliability. In such cases,

quite logical, because people need something to go to marketing specialists will need to develop new promo-the cottage or on vacation, and marketing specialists tion methods that will be based on powerful emotional should adapt to seasonal factors. It is also worth noting

messages that will have a positive impact on the con-the discount policy, which is also important. Discount sumer [1].

can play a big role in an advertising company. A five to

Kazakhstan auto market is quite segmented. Each

ten percent discount from the initial high price is a sig-

segment in turn moves in its own direction. Each seg-nificant savings for any average family, as well as a ment has its most characteristic car models.

decisive factor in favor of the purchase. Even discounts

It is conditionally possible to divide the car market

can strongly affect demand - this is a fact. If we talk of Kazakhstan into 4 segments according to the level of

about service, then not everywhere it corresponds to

prices for cars:

what is desired. So effective car service marketing can 1.Budget cars. The most massive segment (about

provide a significant influx of new customers.

40-45% of the market) The most characteristic brands: This influx will be based on the following factors:

LADA, Ravon, Renault. Although the latter is gradually

 an individual approach to clients;

moving from this segment to the next. The average cost

 convenient system of discounts;

of selling a car in the segment of 3-5 million. This seg-

 providing a guarantee for all types of services;

ment is growing rapidly due to the fact that buyers have

 provision of all possible services.

become sensitive to the price of the car.

It is necessary to constantly provide information to

2.Lower middle segment. This segment occupies

future customers about what services the service can

about 20-25% of the market. Here are such well-known

provide them. So, newspapers, television, radio, and the

brands as Hyundai, KIA. The average cost of selling a Internet serve as tools for good car service marketing.

car in the segment is 5-10 million tenge. This segment is

In 2019, the car market in Kazakhstan shows signs

growing, but not so fast. Some buyers leave due to ris-

of growth after a catastrophic fall in 2015-2018. The ing prices in this segment to the budget, and some, on overall improvement in the performance of car dealers the contrary, to the upper middle.

is associated with a gradual improvement in the situa-3.Upper middle segment. This segment occupies

tion in the economy (which we already talked about in about 25-27% of the market. Cars with a cost of 10 to earlier posts), the accumulated demand from the popula-20 million tenge. The most popular Toyota brand

tion, and partly the effect of the EXPO.

among Kazakhstanis reigns supremely in this segment.

The total turnover of new passenger cars, according

The segment is growing quite well due to the effect of to statistics, increased in 2019 by 31% and amounted to

52

Журнал «Интернаука»

№ 16 (145), часть 3, 2020 г.

about 426.5 billion tenge. At the same time, in kind, the

very convenient, you can agree on everything without

growth is more modest by only 6% to the total number

leaving your home. Thanks to the video channels, you of cars sold about 49 thousand units.

can clearly show the available car models, their equip-In order to understand the depth of the fall of the car

ment and service nuances. It is very important to select

market, we recall that at the peak of its volume in 2013,

the right and necessary “content” for your sites so that it

almost 163 thousand new cars were sold. Those. the fall

meets the preferences of customers (questions raised,

was almost three times. The main factors that caused comments, frequency of publications, terminology and

this crisis in the auto market were:

slang).Next, you need to pay attention to when the cus-

 Devaluation of tenge

tomer calls, then comes to the service center, he wants

 Drop in oil prices

to continue communication at the intramural level, that

 Decrease in the solvency of the population fol-

is, the human factor hiding earlier behind the monitor lowing this

will manifest itself more than ever.

 Increase and introduction of taxes and fees that

The time of traditional marketing is not over, de-

increase the cost of acquiring a car registration.

spite the decrease in the effectiveness of direct advertis-

The state is trying to revive this market and promote

ing, but it is already coming to an end for a business its growth by supporting local automakers and preferen-such as car dealerships, and even more so car services.

tial car loans on the model of the Kazakhstan assembly.

This can be explained by the fact that in our time people

But global factors, expressed primarily in the fact that deal with a huge amount of information and pay atten-the new car for most Kazakhstanis, have become more a

tion to the brightest, loudest messages. As well as car luxury than a means of transportation.

dealerships compete for consumer attention, but not

A sufficiently large number of potential buyers due

with each other, but with other large companies. Reject

to the unpredictable behavior of the tenge and the mar-

traditional marketing for two reasons:

ket as a whole postponed the purchase until a later date.

1) not all potential customers in the automotive

They monitor the market situation, compare offers, wait

business of Kazakhstan and other countries use the Infor lower prices. The other and most part turned to the ternet. Refuse this audience is not worth it.

secondary market, as prices there are much lower.

2) traditional marketing, despite its low efficiency,

Creating a trusting model of communication with

allows giving a chance for the first contact with the cli-

the consumer, necessary to attract attention, allows the ent, but only for the first. This may be an advertisement

client to be interested and establish a dialogue with him.

in a newspaper or on television.

Various blogs, forums, social networks are tools

Many experts in the automotive marketing market

through which you can effectively establish contact with

believe that the future lies in online advertising. This is

customers. Such communications provide loyalty and

the context, teaser ads, colorful articles on thematic re-allow you to receive feedback from the consumer, as

sources, as well as communication with the audience

well as prepare them for communication with the seller,

through social networks. The client has become more

thereby increasing the chances that the customer will protected from offline advertising, as she has already purchase a car. Car holdings, dealerships, and car ser-largely outlived herself. Old formats work much less

vice centers have corporate sites, but besides them there

efficiently. New effective offline formats have not yet should be a blog or forum where company employees

been created, which is not surprising, since the main could communicate with the client, emphasizing the

emphasis is on virtual space, where everything is much

benefits of buying their car and using only their ser-simpler, faster, more mobile.

vices. This is becoming increasingly popular, as it is

References:

1. Car marketing: key features of the domestic car market [electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://www.drivenetwork.ru/articles?id=1 (accessed: 12/04/2016) 2. Abramova, V.I. Management and Marketing: Textbook / V.I. Abramova. - M.: EC RIOR, 2009 .-- 161 p.

3. Akulich, I. L. Marketing: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions in economic specialties / I. L.

Akulich. - Minsk: Higher School, 2010 .-- 524 p.

4. Akulich, I. L. Marketing: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions in economic specialties / I. L.

Akulich. - Minsk: Higher School, 2010 .-- 524 p.

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LAW

ASTANA INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CENTER. COURT AND THE ANALYSIS OF THEIR

FIRST JUDICIAL DECISION Meruyert Makhanbetaliyeva

bachelor of law, master student of L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan

МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ ФИНАНСОВЫЙ ЦЕНТР «АСТАНА». ПЕРВОЕ СУДЕБНОЕ РЕШЕНИЕ

СУДА МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО ФИНАНСОВОГО ЦЕНТРА «АСТАНА»

Маханбеталиева Меруерт Мейрамбековна

бакалавр права, магистрант Евразийского национального университета им. Л.Н.Гумилева, Казахстан, г. Нур-Султан

ABSTRACT

Since recent times, the “Astana International Finance center” (hereinafter - “AIFC”) began to operate in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the legal status of which is determined by the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 7, 2015 No. 438-V “on the AIFC” [2].

The court of the center is one of the bodies of this center, which is independent in its activities and is not part of the judicial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The judges, procedures, practices and standards at the AIFC Court will be familiar to businesses currently operating in major financial centers around the world.

The purpose of the article is to give a clear definition of AIFC, to identify pros and cons of AIFC and make an analysis of the case of AIFC, which is on public access.

АННОТАЦИЯ

С недавних пор в Республике Казахстан (далее – РК) начал действовать «Международный финансовый

центр Астана» (далее - МФЦА), правовой статус которого определяется Конституционным законом РК о

МФЦА от 7 декабря 2015 года №. 438-V [2].

Суд МФЦА является одним из органов этого центра, который независим в своей деятельности и не является

частью судебной системы РК.

Судьи, процедуры, практика и стандарты Суда МФЦА будут знакомы предприятиям, которые в настоящее

время работают в крупных финансовых центрах по всему миру.

Цель данной статьи - дать четкое определение МФЦА, выявить плюсы и минусы МФЦА и проанализиро-

вать первое судебное решение Суда МФЦА, который находится в открытом доступе.

Keywords: Astana International Finance center, judicial decisions, court of first instance, court of appeal, petty litigation, case law, “opt-int” jurisdiction.

Ключевые слова: Международный финансовый центр «Астана», судебные решения, суд первой инстан-

ции, апелляционный суд, суд мелких тяжб, прецедентное право, юрисдикция «opt-int».

The court of the center consists of two instances:

a framework set by the legislature when it enacts stat-the court of first instance and the court of appeal.

utes, the law is made by decisions of judges. The com-

The court of the Center does not carry out criminal

mon law is thus that part of the law which it is within and administrative proceedings and has exclusive juris-the province of the courts themselves to establish. It is diction in respect of:

unwritten in the sense that it is not in a statute, but it is 1) consideration and resolution of disputes arising

made accessible and transparent in law reports and in between the participants of the center, the authorities of

textbooks which analyse the effect of the decisions with

the center and / or their foreign employees;

a view to identifying the principles which underlie

2) consideration and resolution of disputes relating

them.

to any operation carried out in the Center and subject to

In 2019, in the small claims court, the first AIFC

the law of the Center;

court decision appeared publicly (CASE No.: AIFC-C /

3) consideration and resolution of disputes referred

SCC / 2019/0001) [4].

to the court of the Center by agreement of the parties.

The case was between Aurora AG Limited (herein-

The main aim of the AIFC Court was to be the lead-

after – “Claimant”) and Star Asian Mining Company

ing court in resolving civil and commercial disputes in (hereinafter – “Defendant”).

the AIFC and the Eurasian region.

It is initially worth noting that in paragraph 11.5 of

The hallmark of a common law system is the im-

the Treaty, mentioned in the text of the AIFC court de-

portance accorded to the decisions of judges and, in cision, it was written that the “All disputes and disa-particular appellate judges, as sources of law. So, within

greements that may arise between the Parties will be 54

Журнал «Интернаука»

№ 16 (145), часть 3, 2020 г.

resolved through negotiations. Unresolved disputes will

with the AIFC court, which provides services for the be resolved in the “Astana International Financial Cen-resolution of world-class commercial disputes for busiter Court” [4].

ness in the Eurasian region and for it outside.

The subject of the petty litigation, considered under

As the Defendant has not engaged with these pro-

English law, was the debt of Star Asian Mining Compa-

ceedings to date, no conflict of evidence arises. The ny LLP to Aurora AG Limited for performing geophys-Claimant has submitted everything on which it intends ical work in the East Kazakhstan region in 2018.

to rely and has requested a determination without a

The Claimant claims sums due under a contract

hearing. A hearing is therefore likely only to delay the (“the Contract”) entered into between the parties on 17

claim. In the circumstances, the court have decided this

July 2018 [5]. By the terms of the Contract, the Claim-

claim without a hearing in accordance with ACR 28.39

ant was engaged to carry out ground-based geophysical

[3].

works for the Defendant in East Kazakhstan. The

Thus, the court ruled that the plaintiff, within the Claimant’s position is that it carried out the works but

framework of the contract, has the right to claim in rela-

has not been paid by the Defendant.

tion to the full amount of the contract, including the According to subparagraphs 4 and 3 of paragraph

“penalty”.

13 of Article 13 of the Constitutional Law of the Repub-

In connection with the foregoing, here we can see

lic of Kazakhstan on the AIFC No. 438-V dated De-

that AIFC's first court decision was executed efficiently

cember 7, 2015 (as amended and supplemented), “the

in record time.

AIFC Court has jurisdiction over disputes referred to the

Subsequently, the Сourt delivered its first decision

AIFC Court by agreement of the parties”. This Court

in April 2019.

therefore has jurisdiction over this claim [1].

By the way, the dispute was considered in the

Consequently, the Court had jurisdiction to consider

framework of writ proceedings through electronic ex-

this claim.

change of documents. In other words, neither the judge

The sum claimed by the Claimant is equivalent to

nor the participants had to meet to resolve the dispute.

approximately USD 110,000. This claim is therefore

Christopher Campbell-Holt (Court registrar) notes that

appropriate for determination in the Small Claims Court

the first court decision became symbolic.

pursuant to the AIFC Court Rules (hereinafter –

Summing up, it is worth noting that this is the first

“ACR”), Rule 28.2(1) [3].

dispute to be considered in the AIFC court, based on The lawsuit was filed under the “opt int” jurisdic-English law, where cases of international level judges tion, which can be chosen by any parties from any coun-are considered. The court began working in January

try, subject to the written consent of all parties to re-2018 and was created as part of the implementation of solve the dispute in the AIFC court. The Small Claims the Nation Plan "100 concrete steps."

Court is a subdivision of the court of first instance in the The AIFC Court has introduced electronic filing of

AIFC Court, which hears and makes decisions and deci-

applications and an expedited review of small litiga-

sions on disputes, the amount of the claim in which does

tions. Now the whole process can be tracked on the In-

not exceed 150 thousand US dollars, or 300 thousand

ternet.

US dollars with the consent of the parties to consider the

Since 2018, for the first time in the Eurasian space,

claim in small litigation court.

the AIFC Court and the International Arbitration Center

The AIFC court considered the dispute as part of a

(IAC) have been created in Kazakhstan, which created

writ by electronic document exchange without court

an attractive legal environment for investors and busi-fees in accordance with international standards.

ness development.

Based on the documents presented by the plaintiff,

By the way, the AIFC has a certain number of con-

the AIFC court represented by Tom Montagu-Smith

tracts that stipulate that if there are disputes between the decided Defendant to pay 44.8 million tenge to Claim-companies, they will resolve them on the site of the Ka-

ant for the services provided, including interest.

zakhstan financial center. According to the latest data, The AIFC court delivered its first judgment 14

we are talking about more than 1000 contracts for 2019

months after the start of its operations. One of the first alone.

in the world among similar commercial vessels. The

Because of the AIFC court was born recently, we

lawsuit was filed under the “opt-in” jurisdiction: the hope in subsequent years to see the same successful

parties, one of which is not a member of the AIFC and

court decisions in cases not only of small litigations.

is not located in Kazakhstan, decided to file a lawsuit References:

1. AIFC Constitutional Law, No. 438-V dated December 7, 2015 (as amended and supplemented) 2. AIFC Court Regulations, 5 December 2017

3. AIFC Court Rules, 2018

4. Electronic resource: https://aifc-court.kz/

5. Contract between Aurora AG Limited and Star Asian Mining Company on 17 July 2018

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ARTÍCULOS EN ESPAÑOL

FILOLOGÍA

LA FORMACIÓN Y EL USO DE LAS PALABRAS COMPUESTAS EN ESPAÑOL Turdikulova Raykhon Turdikulovna

Profesora titular de español, Universidad estatal de lenguas mundiales de Uzbekistán, Uzbekistán, Tashkent

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ И УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ СЛОЖНЫХ СЛОВ В ИСПАНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Турдикулова Райхон Турдикуловна

старший преподаватель испанского языка, Узбекский государственный университет мировых языков, Узбекистан, г. Ташкент

Uno de los medios con los que cuenta la lengua es-

cuenta las reglas de formación, fonéticas y excepciones

pañola para ampliar el conjunto de voces del idioma

e irregularidades detectadas.

consiste en la utilización de mecanismos de tipo mor-La etimología de la composición se encuentra en la

fológico para formar nuevas palabras: la composición raíz latina compositio que se define como la acción y es, sin duda, uno de los procesos de formación de

efecto de componer —juntar varias cosas y colocarlas

palabras de mayor importancia —aunque haya recibido

en orden para formar una o constituir algo. Uno de los escaso tratamiento por parte de la bibliografía1— de los

recursos con los que cuentan muchas lenguas para au-

que dispone la lengua para la renovación y enriqueci-mentar su caudal léxico consiste en utilizar mecanismos

miento del léxico, también recibe el nombre neologismo

de tipo morfológico—también llamados neologismos

morfosintáctico, se basa en coordinar o interaccionar

morfosintánticos— para formar nuevas palabras como específicamente dos o más lexemas —o raíces cultas—

son la composición, la derivación o la parasínartículo, para formar una nueva palabra que compone una unidad

entre otros. En el mundo clásico, estos procedimientos

semántica y sintáctica. En este artículo se muestran

formativos fueron unos de los que mejor supo explotar únicamente aquellos casos en los que la palabra com-la lengua hasta convertirse en una de las de mayor

puesta se ha consolidado como la unión gráfica de los riqueza y flexibilidad léxicas que más han influido en elementos que la producen de forma regular o irregular.

nuestro vocabulario actual. Sin duda, la composición es

Se extraen de diferentes fuentes léxicas —Internet y el

uno de los procesos de formación de palabras con

lenguaje periodístico recogen, con frecuencia, neolo-

mayor importancia de los que dispone la lengua para la

gismos compositivos debido a la rápida evolución de los

renovación y enriquecimiento de su léxico, a partir de acontecimientos y a su inmediata trascripción al mundo

unidades léxicas, vocablos o giros nuevos. Los avances

de las Tecnologías de la Información— los distintos

tecnológicos, los desarrollos científicos, el auge del uso

integrantes y se examinan los mecanismos aplicados

de los medios sociales, son ejemplos que han hecho de

para establecer su comportamiento morfosemántico y su

catalizadores en estos procesos de cambios. Se observa

generación. Se hacen imprescindibles unos procesos

la presencia cada vez mayor de este mecanismo para

automáticos que sean capaces de identificar las palabras

crear neologismos morfosintácticos, en particular, neol-

interesadas y situarlas en un contexto lingüístico adec-

ogismos compositivos, gracias al influjo provocado por

uado.

los lenguajes técnicos, publicitarios y sociales, princi-El reconocimiento de palabras compuestas en espa-

palmente.

ñol es útil en aplicaciones para el procesamiento au-Mediante la composición, la lengua obtiene nuevos

tomático del lenguaje natural, debido a que lleva im-vocablos a partir de elementos ya presentes en el len-plícito vínculos semánticos; asimismo, potencia las

guaje o de otros prestados de fuera: reúne dos o más de

búsquedas en Internet, al ampliar el abanico de rela-estos elementos en uno solo, con un orden determinado

ciones morfoléxicas deducidas de los compuestos bajo

y una unidad íntima de sentido. Por contraposición, en estudio, sus derivaciones y flexiones. Además del desar-la derivación existe un elemento gramatical que no está

rollo de una herramienta lingüística que permite

libre, es decir, consiste en la creación de elementos léxi-

reconocer palabras compuestas, parasintéticas por com-

cos nuevos mediante la adición o supresión a palabras posición o neologismos compositivos, entre otros pro-ya existentes de elementos inseparables —afijos. En la cesos de lexicalización, se incluye la generación de las

parasínartículo se combinan los mecanismos anteriores,

informadas alteraciones morfoléxicas — se tienen en

bien por afijación que simultanea dos procesos deriva-

tivos —sufijación y prefijación— o bien por combi-

56

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nación de elementos de la composición y de la deri-

dan como resultado un sustantivo -composición más vación como trata Serrano Dolader. Entre la derivación

común y sirve para denominar objetos -, le sigue la y la composición se encuentra la utilización de raíces composición adjetiva y, en menor medida, otras catego-cultas greco-latinas en los procesos de formación de

rías gramaticales adicionales, tales como verbos, ad-

nuevas palabras, especialmente en los campos científi-

verbios, pronombres, conjunciones.

cos y técnicos; las voces en cuya formación intervienen

En función de la clase funcional de los elementos

estos elementos podrían no considerarse propiamente

componentes se obtienen los siguientes esquemas de

compuestas, pues la mayoría de estas raíces no pueden

combinación más típicos:

aparecer de forma aislada, pero tampoco pueden consid-

Verbo+Complemento

erarse derivadas puesto que tienen un comportamiento

Sustantivo+Sustantivo

peculiar que los aleja de los auténticos afijos, es más, Sustantivo+Adjetivo

tienen un significado léxico más próximo al de las

Adjetivo+Sustantivo

raíces que al de los afijos. A este tipo de raíces se le da

Adjetivo+Adjetivo

el nombre de elementos prefijales o pseudoprefijoides o Verbo+Verbo

elementos sufijales o pseudosufijoides —elementos

Sustantivo+Preposición+Sustantivo

compositivos—, en función de si se anteponen o se po-Aunque existe un tipo de composición denominada

sponen a otra raíz, respectivamente. En suma, en este sintagmática — aquella que tiene como resultado unos artículo se presenta aquellos casos de compuestos que se

compuestos que se aproximan bastantes a los sintagmas

han consolidado como la unión gráfica de los elementos

nominales correspondientes, pero no pueden ser consid-

que intervienen; además, se trata los pseudoprefijoides o

erados sintagmas nominales sino unidades léxicas —, se pseudosufijoides como elementos compositivos, no co-deja al margen la mayoría de estos compuestos en la mo morfemas derivativos, y se incluye la parasínartículo

automatización de su reconocimiento, ya que los com-

por composición, desde un punto de vista principalmen-

ponentes han alcanzado una coherencia semántica sin

te morfológico, no sintáctico ni semántico, lo que no fusión gráfica. No obstante, en la base documental se impide que en ocasiones sea necesario hacer referencias

encuentran, en menor cuantía, compuestos sintagmáti-

a tales aspectos. Son procedimientos que pueden crear cos que han sufrido un proceso de aglutinación de los neologismos, lo que constituye un fructífero manantial elementos.

para el enriquecimiento de la lengua.

Por otro lado, la composición adjetiva y la com-

En el lenguaje científico y tecnológico es muy ha-

posición propia nominal, también conocida como com-

bitual la formación de nuevas palabras o neologismos

posición léxica, está formada por dos o más palabras o

utilizando raíces cultas grecolatinas. Se consideran den-

bases con alguna modificación fónica, generalmente con

tro de la composición los cultismos o composición culta

unión gráfica de los elementos que la componen. Desde

—palabras cuya morfología sigue muy estrechamente su

un punto de vista histórico no existe una separación origen etimológico griego o latino. Las voces en cuya tajante entre los compuestos sintagmáticos y determina-formación intervienen estos elementos podrían no con-

dos ejemplos de compuestos propios, por cuanto que

siderarse propiamente compuestas, ya que la mayoría de

estos, en ciertos casos, pueden ser el resultado de un estas raíces no pueden aparecer de forma aislada,

proceso de aglutinación.

aunque tampoco pueden considerarse derivadas pues

hoja de lata → hojalata

tienen un comportamiento peculiar que los aleja de los hidalgo → hijo de algo

auténticos afijos; es más, tienen un significado léxico Existen compuestos nominales que representan

más próximo al de las raíces que al de los afijos; incluso

sistemas marginales o bien resulta escaso el número de

estos elementos compositivos pueden ocupar tanto la

casos que producen o son casos particulares de los ante-

posición inicial como la posición final en el compuesto

riores:

frente a la posición predeterminada de los afijos, como

preposición+conjunción condicional +adverbio de

se observa en:

modo: porsiacaso.

cefalópodo o cefalotórax → cefalo- elemento numeral+preposición+sustantivo:

cientoemboca,

compositivo prefijal

milenrama.

dolicocéfalo o mesocéfalo → - céfalo elemento verbo+conjunción: creique, penseque.

compositivo sufijal

Los compuestos que constan de más de dos piezas

En cuanto a las combinaciones de palabras sin ele-

léxicas dan como resultado un sustantivo formado por

mentos compositivos cultos, pueden crearse a partir de las combinaciones, entre otras:

conceptos que estén relacionados, o mejor dicho, de

verbo+y+verbo: tiraiafloja, quitaipón.

categorías gramaticales como sustantivos, adjetivos y

verbo+verbo+y+verbo: correveidile.

verbos; por tanto, la estructura de los compuestos puede

adverbio+pronombre personal+verbo: bienmesabe.

presentar múltiples formas, según la categoría gramati-

verbo+pronombre personal+ pron. impersonal:

cal de los componentes y la categoría del resultado final.

sabelotodo.

Con la variedad de formantes y de resultados que

verbo+pronombre personal+verbo: hazmerreír.

presentan, las relaciones entre los elementos partici-

verbo+pronombre

personal+preposición+

pantes son de muy diversa índole - destaca la importan-

pron.impersonal: metomentodo.

cia que tiene el orden de los constituyentes, especial-El segundo caso en productividad son los com-

mente desde un punto de vista semántico. Según la

puestos adjetivos. La estructura más profusa es frecuencia de aparición de la clase funcional del conjun-Sustantivo+Adjetivo donde existe una marcada relación to, uno de los compuestos más productivos son los que

entre los elementos del compuesto ya que el segundo

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miembro predica una cualidad del primero, sustantivo

que es difícil determinar si se ha producido lexicaliza-

que generalmente designa partes exteriores del cuerpo

ción o no. Suele existir un nexo de unión entre las dos

humano o animal. Existen componentes que parecen

palabras que dan lugar al nuevo término, generalmente

admitir dos interpretaciones diferentes — adjetivos y con las preposiciones de y a:

sustantivos—, y no se posee información suficiente para pan de azúcar, paso a nivel, cuerda sin fin, flor de

decidir cual resulta más correcta — cardocuco “cardo la abeja

silvestre” no está claro si cuco es adjetivo o sustantivo.

estos

compuestos

se

corresponde

con

la

Por regla general, el resultado de fusionar dos

clasificación sintagmática que hace Bustos Gisbert de

palabras para formar un compuesto es un sustantivo o Sustantivo+Preposición+Sustantivo.

un adjetivo. Pero existen, aunque en menor medida,

Por más que la lexicalización sea un hecho, la

diversas categorías gramaticales adicionales:

disyunción da origen a un tipo de lexías en la que los

 Cuando dan lugar a verbo. No se ha detectado

dos elementos participantes no se han soldado gráfica-

que esta categoría gramatical combine dos con-

mente, por más que la lexicalización sea un hecho:

stituyentes de su misma categoría gramatical, es decir, alta mar, peso pluma, pájaro mosca

Verbo+Verbo, constatándose esta misma restricción en se

corresponde

con

diversos

compuestos

otras lenguas.

Sustantivo+Sustantivo

o

Sustantivo+Adjetivo

o

Sustantivo+verbo: maniatar,

aliquebrar,

Adjetivo+Sustantivo. En tales composiciones se llega manuscribir, heroificar.

incluso a la unión gráfica de los elementos:

Adverbio+verbo: maldecir, malcomer, bienpensar,

tela de araña→telaraña

menospreciar,malcasar.

agua nieve→aguanieve

 Que dan lugar a adverbio

ave fría→avefría

Conjunción+verbo:

siquiera

(adverbio

o

En un grado más alto de unión gráfica figura la con-

conjunción).

traposición, donde los elementos que participan se Adverbio

de

cantidad+adjetivo

o

adverbio:

escriben unidos por un guion, aunque generalmente el

tampoco.

resultado aparecerá sin el debido a las restricciones del

Elemento compositivo+adverbio de tiempo:

uso del guion:

a nteayer.

coche bomba → coche-bomba

Adjetivo+adverbio de modo: otro si.

falda pantalón → falda-pantalón

Raros:

Muchos autores consideran el acortamiento como Adverbio+verbo: dondequiera.

un procedimiento de formación de nuevas palabras o

 Que dan lugar a pronombres:

neologismos que, por su naturaleza, escaparían en prin-

Pronombre

relativo+verbo:

cualquiera,

cipio, a una teoría morfológica —no la asumen como

quienquiera.

parte de la composición. La frontera entre derivación y

Pron.personal+adjetivo: nosotros.

composición no resulta clara, sobre todo en el caso de



Que dan lugar a conjunciones:

abreviamiento:

Adverbio de tiempo o de modo + pronombre

coyotomate → coyote+tomate

relativo: aunque.

o en la acronimia —consiste en unir el inicio de una

Prefijo+sustantivo u.t.c. conjunción adversativa: sin

palabra con el final de otra—, como:

embargo.

informática→ información automática

Conjunción+adverbio de modo: sino.

tergal → poliéster galo

 Que dan lugar a numerales:

secrefata →secretaria

veinticinco → veinte+cinco,

azafata itañol → italiano español

dieciséis → diez+seis

autobús → automóvil ómnibus

En definitiva, según la frecuencia de aparición de la

cantautor → cantante autor

categoría gramatical del compuesto, así como de sus

transistor → transfer resistor

constituyentes, se pueden detallar las diferentes

eurovisión → europa televión

formaciones de compuestos.

tecnotrónica → tecnología electrónica

Por otro lado, según se recoge en el trabajo de Alvar

o en el caso del abreviamiento, la cual tiene diver-Ezquerra (2003), la composición se sirve de procedi-

sas variantes, se considera el acortamiento léxico, como:

mientos para la creación de palabras nuevas como: la cine → cinematógrafo

sinapsia, disyunción, contraposición, yuxtaposición,

foto → fotografía

prefijos vulgares y acortamiento —abreviatura, abrevia-

bus → autobús

tura simple, acronimia, abreviatura compuesta, abrevia-

profe →profesor

tura compleja. El más caudaloso de los procesos de

mate → matemáticas

composición es la yuxtaposición o lexías compuestas, aunque algunos se consideran en la base de ele-donde la fusión gráfica de los elementos participantes en

mentos compositivos prefijales o sufijales según proce-

el compuesto es total, así como su lexicalización y su da:

gramaticalización, como se aprecia en:

euro- → europa

malsano,

agridulce,

quitaipón, boquicerrado,

zoo- → zoológico

carnicol, malqueda, cochitril, hincapié

tele- → televisor

Sin embargo, la unión de los miembros de la sinap-

En la definición de composición considerada, se

sia es de naturaleza sintáctica, no morfológica, por lo debe tener en cuenta que un neologismo compositivo ha

de funcionar como una unidad léxica, que signifique un

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concepto unitario y designe una realidad específica. Por

constituyen un verdadero compuesto en español, ya que

ello, algunos autores han clasificado la composición

habría que tener en cuenta factores sintácticos y

como:

semánticos que escapan al dominio informático. Se

 compuestos imperfectos, aquellos que se

dejan al margen la mayoría de los compuestos de tipo escriben separados por guion — físico- químico—, u sintagmático, ya que los componentes han alcanzado

otros, aunque tengan unidad de significado, se escriben

una coherencia semántica pero sin fusión gráfica debido

con signos diferentes o con más elementos — guerra a que pueden entrar en conflicto con las colocaciones civil, golpe de estado.

léxicas en la automatización de su reconocimiento. Es

 compuestos perfectos, forman una unidad no

importante tener presente el orden fijo de los elementos sólo en su significado sino también en la escritura y en

constituyentes con respecto a la categoría gramatical

su funcionamiento gramatical.

composicional —no se han encontrado compuestos ver-

Los compuestos perfectos son los más abundantes y

bales o adjetivales formados por un Verbo+Sustantivo.

en los que se centra el presente estudio.

Se deja para estudios posteriores el tratamiento semánti-

En este artículo se procede a presentar, desde un

co de los compuestos endocéntricos —su automa-

punto de vista morfológico, los compuestos yuxta-

tización resulta artificiosa por su construcción—, frente

puestos o lexías compuestas nominal y adjetiva princi-

a los compuestos exocéntricos que escapan actualmente

palmente, al igual que algunos casos especiales de acor-

al dominio informático —su significado no se

tamiento, elementos compositivos prefijales/sufijales y

desprende de la suma de los de sus integrantes, sino que

parasínartículo por composición. Los restantes tipos no

ostenta un significado añadido, imprevisible y de forma

se consideran debido a la dificultad para justificar que figurada generalmente.

Bibliografía:

1. GUERRERO RAMOS, Gloria, 1995. Neologismos en el español actual. Madrid: Arco Libros. ISBN 84-7635-178-X.

2. HERNANDO CUADRADO, Luis Alberto, 1998. Sobre la formación de palabras en español. En: CELIS, Ángela –

HEREDIA, José Ramón, eds. Lengua y cultura en la enseñanza del español a extranjeros. Cuenca: Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, pp. 257-263. ISBN 84-89492-93-X.

3. MOLINER, María, 2007. Diccionario de uso del español. Madrid: Gredos. ISBN 978-84-249-2886-52.

4. REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA, 2014. Diccionario de la lengua española [online]. 23ª ed. [visto 12. 12. 2015].

Madrid. Disponible en: .

5. SANTANA SUARÉZ, Octavio, et al., 2013. Reglas de formación de palabras compuestas en español para la automatización de su reconocimiento. Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural [online]. vol. 51, pp. 75-82 [visto 7. 12.

2015]. ISSN 1135-5948.

6. VARELA ORTEGA, Soledad, 2009. Morfología léxica: la formación de palabras. Madrid: Gredos. ISBN978-84-249-2740-0.

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TRADUCCIÓN EN LA PUBLICIDAD Saidova Nilufar Abdusalomovna

Profesora de español, Universidad de economía y diplomacia mundial, Uzbekistán, Tashkent

ПЕРЕВОД РЕКЛАМЫ

Саидова Нилуфар Абдусаломовна

преподаватель испанского языка кафедры романо-германских языков, Университет мировой экономики и дипломатии,

Узбекистан, г. Ташкент

Con la globalización, las campañas publicitarias han

sociales existentes, es decir, los ideales que proyecta.

experimentado cambios notables ya que se diseñan

Cabe mencionar aquí que mientras que en Oriente

pensando en el mayor número posible de destinatarios.

Medio está sucediendo un sorprendente auge en el

La alianza entre las grandes multinacionales y los

negocio de la cirugía plástica y en una publicidad que medios de comunicación de masas resulta de lo más

refleja un modelo de belleza utópico, campañas como la

productiva: la televisión digital, los canales

de Dove fomentan el uso de una publicidad que refleje

internacionales, Internet, etc. Como señala Bueno

una realidad más verosímil y una mujer menos

(2005: 117) no hay un comportamiento homogéneo a la

idealizada y surrealista en occidente. La creciente

hora de decidir una estrategia de diseño y de traducción

preocupación por el aspecto físico en Oriente Medio se

de la campaña, pero sí que es cierto que existen

debe a que el hombre puede contraer matrimonio con

tendencias, aunque lo cierto es que en España se detecta

más de una mujer y el trámite del divorcio es mucho una ambivalencia constante. Sin embargo, parece que,

más rápido que en los países europeos. Como

cada vez más, y debido a factores como la

consecuencia la mujer, bajo el velo, se preocupa mucho

homogeneización de los mercados y las políticas

más por mantener una buena apariencia física que en

económicas, la creación de espacios comunes y una

occidente.

cierta estandarización de los hábitos de consumo, las A veces influye sobre la forma de expresarnos (en

agencias van aumentando la tendencia de diseñar

la lengua y los gestos) y las costumbres sociales; crea campañas comunes.

prejuicios, necesidades, vende modelos de vida y de

Aunque nos hemos basado en estudios de varios

relaciones sociales. Hemos observado que en verano

autores, nos apoyamos principalmente en el contenido

una misma marca (Clinique) se centra en la venta de de la obra de Bueno (2005) para la redacción de este cremas para el aclarado del tono de piel en Oriente apartado.

Medio mientras que en occidente se centra en la venta Para comprender un mensaje publicitario es

de bronceadores de sol debido a los estereotipos de

imprescindible tener conocimientos sobre sociedad y

belleza establecidos en cada cultura y las necesidades cultura. La publicidad constituye un reflejo cultural y sociales de cada contexto. Debido a las distintas

social ya que proyecta los hechos más destacados de la

demandas de cada contexto, se comercializan ciertos

actualidad.

productos en unas culturas y no en otras como pasa con

Además del factor cultural, hay un elemento

los productos para la playa en occidente que en Oriente

ideológico detrás del hecho publicitario. Existen polos Medio no se publicitan debido a que la mujer

opuestos en la publicidad: la de Estados Unidos o

musulmana no frecuenta la playa y suele cubrirse la

Europa no compite de igual a igual con la de África u

piel.

Oriente Medio. La publicidad entra de manera selectiva

Por tanto, vemos que la publicidad constituye un

en los medios sociales de comunicación. En otras

género comunicativo que tiene fuertes anclajes en la

ocasiones, esta discriminación publicitaria se da dentro

sociedad. Representa una realidad social llegando, en

de un mismo país o dentro de las propias sociedades.

ocasiones, a exagerarla o a idealizarla.

Por ejemplo, en países como Marruecos, la publicidad

Una vez entendida la fuerte relación existente entre

occidental se ve a menudo censurada o contraatacada

sociedad, traducción y publicidad es importante

por otra local.

preguntarnos qué criterios se han de exigir a las

La relación entre publicidad y sociedad es

traducciones de campañas internacionales para lograr

incontestable. Los anuncios constituyen un ejercicio de mayor aceptabilidad por parte de las culturas receptoras

reflexión sobre el devenir o el comportamiento de una

de los anuncios publicitarios.

sociedad y, al mismo tiempo, ejercen una influencia

Por tanto, podemos concluir que, cuando el proceso

directa sobre la misma, adquiriendo un rol civilizador y

de comunicación de un texto publicitario se da entre de formación de valores.

emisores y receptores pertenecientes a distintos

Se podría afirmar que la publicidad imita una

contextos o culturas, como en el caso de la publicidad realidad que ella misma representa, pero desde una

internacional, el traductor habrá de otorgarle al texto perspectiva determinada: centra toda la atención en el publicitario meta un significado completamente nuevo,

producto o servicio y, a su vez, muestra los estereotipos

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persuasiva del original y adaptándolos al contexto para

El elemento cultural en la sociedad, al cual ya

el que se traduce tal y como comenta Valdés (2004) a lo

hemos dedicado un apartado, es concluyente para

largo de su obra.

determinar las necesidades y deseos de los usuarios así

De este modo, el criterio de aceptabilidad por parte

como la forma en que cada sociedad determinará cómo

del receptor resulta imprescindible para el traductor ya estas necesidades pueden satisfacerse. La cultura es uno

que su finalidad última es crear un texto que contenga

de los determinantes en distintos países en lo que

unas características que resulten reconocibles y

respecta a la utilización de productos de belleza.

«aceptables» para el público objetivo.

De acuerdo con Vázquez tanto las normas como los

Para llevar a cabo una traducción publicitaria que

valores son elementos fundamentales en toda cultura.

consiga atraer la atención del receptor y logre alcanzar

Facilitan la comprensión del comportamiento del

cierto grado de aceptabilidad por su parte, se ha de consumidor dentro y a través de culturas. Tener en

llevar a cabo un trabajo de adaptación cultural. Es

cuenta los valores presentes en una sociedad permite

imprescindible tener en cuenta la cultura a la que se saber qué ofrecerle al consumidor y de qué manera

traduce así como el destinatario para el cual va dirigido

ofrecérselo y, además, nos ofrece cierta ventaja a la hora

el TPM puesto que cada uno requiere un resultado

de elaborar nuestro TPM.

diferente debido a que receptor tiene una manera

Tal y como comenta Guerrero hasta hace poco, los

distinta de ver el mundo.

productos de belleza iban dirigidos únicamente a un

Otro requisito imprescindible para efectuar una

sector de mercado joven. Además, la oferta de

traducción publicitaria es que el traductor conozca la productos era escasa y no cubría las necesidades del situación política, económica, cultural y social de la destinatario, esto es, del target. Asimismo, la publicidad

cultura a la que se traduce para lograr un mayor criterio

de estos productos estaba mal enfocada ya que mostraba

de aceptabilidad del receptor. Se espera que el

estereotipos de la mujer que no coincidían con el tipo de

profesional de la traducción se mantenga actualizado

clientas al que se dirigía (aunque, tal y como hemos incluso dentro del ámbito publicitario ya que, tal y como

visto anteriormente, esto sigue ocurriendo en países

afirma Guerrero, «la publicidad como reflejo de la

árabes como Arabia Saudí, donde los estereotipos de

sociedad es un ente cambiante, a medida que los grupos

belleza no reflejan en absoluto la realidad). En

humanos se transforman, como resultado obtendremos

occidente, hasta hace pocas décadas, una vez la mujer variaciones en la misma». Vemos de este modo, que los

alcanzaba la edad madura pasaba a ser confinada en la cambios se producen de forma constante y continuada.

sociedad de diversas maneras. No obstante, al

Finalmente, consideramos importante mencionar

introducirse la mujer en el mundo laboral los valores que, en determinadas circunstancias, el traductor y la han cambiado y la publicidad internacional empieza a

agencia de publicidad han de enfrentarse a diversos

enfocarse desde otra perspectiva. Se crea una demanda obstáculos que acompañan la comunicación y la

de nuevos productos en el mercado para la mujer adulta

exportación publicitaria internacional. Algunos

que cubran sus necesidades.

ejemplos de estos son la censura, la reglamentación

Como hemos mencionado, las grandes firmas del

restrictiva, etcétera, que suelen darse cuando un anuncio

mundo de la cosmética y la belleza recurren a un tipo de

puede manifestarse contra ideas políticas, colectivos

publicidad emocional. Esta tipología publicitaria hace

marginales, tradiciones, religión o símbolos de la

uso especial de las imágenes expresivas, es decir, de cultura meta. Por ejemplo, es impensable realizar o

aquellas imágenes que transmiten emociones,

exportar un anuncio de preservativos, de moda íntima o

sensaciones y estados de ánimo. Asocian el producto a

de defensa a la comunidad gay en un país islámico.

un valor positivo y fiable.

Así pues, se puede ver que el proceso de adaptación

La imagen puede presentarse de diversas formas y

o traducción de un anuncio que va dirigido a un

mediante diferentes codificaciones, aunque la fotografía

destinatario perteneciente a otra cultura es una

es el formato más empleado en los anuncios objeto de

operación muy compleja, especialmente si han de

nuestro estudio.

tenerse en cuenta factores como la diversidad de

A la hora de traducir y analizar la imagen cabe

lenguas, culturas y de desarrollo social en las distintas valorar dos aspectos básicos (Valdés, 2004):

culturas existentes en el ámbito mundial.

 Los elementos objetivos que la componen: los

El estudio del comportamiento del consumidor es,

personajes u objetos y la relación que estos mantienen en la actualidad, una pieza clave en el mundo del

con el formato textual y el producto.

marketing y la traducción publicitaria. Ello ha permitido

 Los elementos que tienen una intención

a las distintas organizaciones y empresas crear variadas

connotativa: los planos, la estructura, la porción de estrategias y adaptaciones publicitarias con la finalidad realidad que muestra, los detalles, los colores, la luz y el de atraer a clientes potenciales.

tamaño.

El estudio del consumidor es un ejercicio complejo

Es importante mencionar que en la publicidad existe

puesto que la naturaleza de su comportamiento es

la tendencia de darle más importancia a la imagen. Es dinámica. Las necesidades y deseos del consumidor

frecuente, especialmente en el ámbito de la moda y la cambian en momentos distintos para grupos de

belleza, encontrarnos anuncios compuestos únicamente

consumidores diferentes. Asimismo son numerosos los

con imágenes acompañadas del logotipo de la marca o

factores que influyen en la decisión de compra del

anuncios en los que el mayor peso del mensaje recae usuario. Guerrero (2010), clasifica dichos factores en sobre la imagen.

dos grandes grupos: internos y externos.

En este punto, es importante destacar que la imagen

que conforma logotipo y la grafía del anuncio

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Журнал «Интернаука»

№ 16 (145), часть 3, 2020 г.

pertenecen del mismo modo al código visual. El código

publicitarias. En el caso de la ciberpublicidad, al igual de la tipografía juega con elementos como el tamaño y

que en la publicidad impresa, se hace uso de distintos la forma de la letra así como el contraste de tonos que

recursos fónicos tales como la aliteración, la rima,

crea con el fondo.

paronomasias e incluso onomatopeyas.

En último lugar, encontramos el sonido. Se trata del

Los sonidos pueden convertir el mensaje o eslogan

segundo elemento a tener en cuenta dentro del código en una expresión memorizable mediante la frecuencia

no verbal (Bueno, 2000). Este constituye una estrategia

de fonemas inusuales (que se corresponden a las grafías

apelativa a la que recurren numerosas agencias

k, w y x): Evax, Sanex, Lancôme, Max Factor, etcétera.

Bibliografía:

1. Bueno, Antonio (2005). “La didáctica de la traducción de textos publicitarios”, en Zabalbeascoa, Patrick et al.

(eds). La traducción audiovisual. Investigación, enseñanza y profesión. Granada: Comares, 231-240

2. León, José Luis (1988). La investigación en publicidad. Metodologías y crítica. Bilbao: Servicio editorial Universidad del País Vasco.

3. Valdés, Cristina (2001). “Extranjerización y adaptación en la traducción de espots publicitarios”, en Agost, Rosa y Frederic Chaume (eds). La traducción en los medios audiovisuales. Castelló: Servei de Publicacions de la Universitat Jaume I, 183-192.

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ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК

«ИНТЕРНАУКА»

Научный журнал

№16(145)

Май 2020

Часть 3

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